Home  Dutse Story
THE DUTSE STORY EARLY STORY OF DUTSE GADAWUR C1421-1806
“Legends are usually based on an element of fact that adapt themselves to the telling” John S. Burnett.
A Dutse legend narrates its early story of 13th century great hunter called [Duna-Magu] a Kanuri decent who nicknamed the town of Dutse [Gadawur]. It was a rich hunting ground for gazelles [Gada in Hausa] and other wild animals. The settlement of Garu, which traditions claim, started around the dying years of the first millennium inhabited by a mixture of pagan wondering tribes that occupied the rock clusters in search of food and shelter. They found the surrounding cluster of large boulders safe hunting ground and at the same time ideal for settlement. Digawa, a hunting tribe, settled in the area and established their dynasties in the thirteen century. The Fulani immigrants from Gazargamo settled in the area around Fagoji and later conquered the Hausa rulers and establish their administration over the towns in 1806.
Some narrations suggest the history of Dutse predates that period sighting its proximity to Birnin Gija a center of trans-Saharan commerce that was as old as Kano. Birnin Gija is situated in the northern valley of Dutse and visible on clear days from the highest peaks of surrounding rocks. The numerous ancient dye pits that dotted the landscape are still visible in many parts of the town.
Some scientist suggests that Dutse rock formations as well as Birnin Kudu provided shelter for Stone Age Humans. They based their belief in the discovery of some stone tools around Garu, and rock paintings in Birnin Kudu.
Whichever narration one believes, the earliest written reference to Dutse appeared in the famous Kano chronicle which mentioned its defeat by Sarkin Kano [Abdullahi Burja C. 1438-1452], and his marriage with the daughter of Sarkin Dutse Tuwai Mai Asarki Babba [C.1421-1463].
The link between earliest reference and oral tradition listed twenty-five other rulers of Dutse whose territorial acquisitions changes with the individual war skills or historical factors. The general belief was that almost all those who ruled Dutse [1421-1553] were rulers of small settlements around Dutse and its immediate environs who took turn to govern the district under special treaty. Some people suggested that they were one family but scattered around the hills in small settlements of Kachi, Takalafiya, Galamawa, Limawa, Gwari, Yina, Maremawa, Gizirawa, Maranjuwa, and Jugurgur or sometimes around water sources as their names suggests.
PRE-JIHAD RULERS OF DUTSE
1. Sarkin Dutse Tuwai Mai-Asarki Babba [C.1421-1463]
The first king was a great hunter and warrior who lived around the highest peak of Dutse clusters and regularly sacrifices animals to the spirits around the rock call Asarki Babba. Every year he will spend one week on top of the rock and consult with the spirits. One day the spirits instructed him to build a wall around Garu that became the first inner wall surrounding the town. The sprits further directed him to provide only one gate entrance to the enclave.
His hunting expeditions took him to arrears around Gaya, Sumaila, and Birnin Kudu and sometimes without the permission of the local communities. Sarkin Kano Burja in C.1445 attacked and defeated Dutse forces and took a princess and several other men and women with them as captives. Sarkin Dutse Tuwai survived and re-emerges from exile in Birnin Kudu in C.1446, but was pardoned by Sarki Burja his son in law.
2. Sarkin Dutse Ketare Dan Auta- mai Kuka [C1463-1463]
The second king of Dutse was youngest child of Mai-Asarki Babba who died in his early thirties and ruled Dutse for only three months. He was afflicted with childhood diseases, partially paralyzed, and nicknamed Mai-kuka in childhood because he cries constantly from body pains and health crisis.
His father a spiritual person prescribe his cure medication by drinking from spring water that later assumes his nickname [Kuka] located west of Asarki rock.
3. Sarkin Dutse Tasau Dan Ketare [C. 1463-1476]
The third king of Dutse was a half brother of Ketare Auta Mai-Kuka who ruled Dutse for thirteen years and engaged neighboring towns in fruitless fights that resulted in the loss of territories. His diabolical behavior makes him the most hated and most feared Hausa king in Dutse story. He was barbaric, in dealing with enemies, unforgivable in his relations with his subjects, and demonic in everyday life. However, he was the first to establish his base at the Garu Palace and demarcated the western flank of the first town wall to ward off enemy forces.
4. Sarkin Dutse Maido Mai Asarki Karama [C. 1476-1482]
The fourth king of Dutse was the grandson of Sarkin Dutse Tuwai, from his mother’s side Korama. His father was a courtier and trusted friend of Sarkin Dutse Tuwai. He lived around Asarki Karama and constantly in consultations with the spirits and offering animal carcasses as sacrifice. He made the community dependent on his solicitations to ward off disasters and evil sprits. He encourages town’s people to consult the spirits and offer gifts to recover from illnesses, gain protection from affliction, and or avoid been possessed by evil spirits.
He was a dexterous leader who uses skill to manipulate the minds of his subjects by forecasting disasters for the community if they fail to heed to meet his requests. He was constantly living around Asarki Rock the spiritual centre and soliciting on behalf of the community good life, good health, and abundance of food.
5. Sarkin Dutse Maigiji – Tandu [C.1482-1489]
The fifth king of Dutse was the son of a commoner who was famous in livestock husbandry. He supplies most of the town with goat milk and has a special technique of preserving milk by adding herbs. He is not blood related to any of the previous kings of Dutse, but his economic power earned him the seat after the death of Sarkin Dutse Maido whose children were too small to inherit the throne.
He discourages spiritualism and encourages hard work. He used the services of his numerous slaves to establish dye pits around Limawa and Kachi areas to weaken the town’s dependence on insecure pits at Birnin Gija. His six-year period on the throne brought about increased economic activities around the settlements and to some extent the town of Garu. He lived around Tsakuwa at Alkalawa quarters under a large boulder [Dutsen Tandu] named after him.
In 1489, a fire disaster destroyed the town of Garu, which took several human lives and destroyed all dwellings and several domestic animals. This disaster reinforces people’s belief in the spiritual connections of Sarkin Dutse Maido’s time. The public forced him to abdicate his throne and moved to Yina until his death.
6. Sarkin Dutse Amdu Maranje [C.1489-1498]
The sixth king of Dutse lived in Maranjuwa, and ruled Dutse for ten years. He was a great farmer who supplies neighboring settlements with grains in exchange for animals and farmlands. He grew substantial quantities of wild rice at Tsatiya mash lands and sorghum on the sandy hills around Maranjuwa. He like his predecessor has no relation with the previous kings except he was spiritual like of Sarkin Dutse Maido.
He focuses his attention in the re-building of Garu and consultations with the sprits at Asarki to support his mission. He offered several animals to the spirits, and when they finally accepted his offerings, smoke filled the area around the rock. The smoke symbolizes acceptance and feasting by the spirits. This practice continued for several decades until the Fulani reformists banned the practice in 1807.
7. Sarkin Dutse Babilu Mai Karauna C.1498-1515
The seventh Sarkin Dutse established his residence around Karauna spring outside the town wall near a source of spring water. He was fearless grandson of Sarki Maigiji and maternal grandson of Sarkin Dutse Maido. He loved women and strongly fashionable, when he died, he left seven wives, seven horses, seven pieces of clothing, seven swords, seven arrows in his quiver, and seven pairs of boots.
He was like his predecessor consulting the Asarki sprits and allowed direct public access to the spiritual site. He appointed his close friend Dodan Yaron-Maigiji to supervise the ritual killings and accept sacrificial gifts from public. He spent his evenings overlooking the farmlands below from his residence on Dutsen Kare Kallo.
He was a slave raider who terrorizes villages and takes their able-bodied youth into slavery. During his seventeen-year reign, he went as far as Dutsen Kila to capture slaves that he uses to produce substantial food for Dutse. He uses Zai, as a slave settlement area, and uses the community to fight his wars as well as tendering his crops.
8. Sarkin Dutse Labun Mai Achiza C. 1515- 1528,
The eights Sarkin Dutse was the first son of Sarkin Dutse Babilu and nicknamed Mai-Achiza because he lived a solitary life around Achiza rock. He was highly spiritual and superstitious who used the Achiza rock not Asarki to gain spiritual acceptance. He adjudicated conflicts by forcing litigants to swear in the name of the spirits of Achiza Rock.
He wears blue-black ribbon adorned with charms and his neck and arms with several layers of amulets. Feared by the community revered by spiritualists from far and near, he encourages annual ritual festivals in Dutse known as Wasan-Dodo. The rock is consulted in forecasting the future and remedy for all kinds of aliments. He allowed the slaves of his predecessor to be free and own properties including farmlands and animals.
9. Sarkin Dutse Yakwabu Kwasau [C.1528-1554]
The ninth King of Dutse was the grandson of Sarkin Dutse Amdu Maranje and a maternal cousin of Labun Mai Achiza. He built during his time, the Garu Palace at the eastern end of Dutsen Gadawur looking westward towards the rock, and a second gate facing [Unguwar Bayi] named Kofar Bai. He was nicknamed Kwasau because of his ambitious expansion of the palace.
He was a man of excess of zeal whose extravagance emptied the lean treasury. He dismissed several advisors, and dispersed critics for opposing his life style. There was confusion and disorder throughout the territory, which forced him to abdicate the throne in 1554 and moved his family to Gwari.
10. Sarkin Dutse Sam bore mai Jugurgur [C.1554-1564]
The tenth Sarkin Dutse has no relation to past leaders, but came to position of leadership because of discontent and insecurity in the community. He inherited empty treasury and disorderly community that have lost confidence in their leaders. He assembled a new council of advisors and worked tirelessly to gain the confidence of his subjects.
Five years into his reign, he annexed other economically important settlements such as Jugurgur, Ma’ai, Fatara, Bukka, Fanisau, and Gurduba to enhance economic survival of the territory. During his time, the economic fortune of Dutse increased with the establishment additional fertile farmlands.
The farmlands provided additional food security that was unavailable when he took over the leadership. He also increased taxes on date palm, and locust bean trees as part of his economic recovery program that enhances his war capabilities.
He died of mysterious illness that left him bed ridden for two years before his death in 1564. His favorite wife Marema took over the administration of the territory while he was unable to perform the duties in his last two years. She issued decrees and collects taxes while avoiding conflicts with her neighbors.
11. Sarkin Dutse Dunhu Dan Marema [1564-1569]
The eleventh Sarkin Dutse was an adopted son of Sarki Sam bore and son of the Kanuri Princess Maryema who married Sarkin Dutse Sam bore. Her father was the first settler around Maremawa and she moved back to the settlement after the death of her husband with her son Sarki Dunhu. His close association with his maternal relations after the death of his guardian, made him to move his palace to Maremawa at the northeastern outer wall of town.
His five-year rule was eventful because his mother continued to have great influence in state matters, which angered many people. He was force to abdicate office in favor of his first son after a devastating drought that killed several people and domestic animals.
12. Sarkin Dutse Akuli Gurumfa [1569-1577]
The son of Sarki Dunhu and twelfth Sarkin Dutse annexed Gurum-Bayangari, Wurma, Dundubus, Buju, Daho, Abaya, Yargaba, and several other settlements west of Dutse. He moved to Gurum-bayangari in the later part of his life after abdication in 1577.
He possesses great ability in horsemanship, but a despot ruler that subjugated his people and made them to work on his farms and pay heavy land taxes. A revolt organized by the people forced him to abdicate his rule in favor of the revolutionary leader Jarmai.
13. Sarki Mantau Jarmai Babba [1577-1584]
He took over the administration of Dutse as the thirteenth Sarkin Dutse after deposing Akuli Gurumfa. He brought several important changes in the administration of Dutse by making palace farm labor voluntary and encouraged settlements north and east of Dutse to join his kingdom. He formed an alliance with some communities including Garko, Tsurma, Abalago, Katuka, Kiyawa, Kwanda, Turho, Katanga, and Fake.
He liberated several other settlements north of Dutse from continued raids from their neighbors. Sarki Mantau Jarmai accomplished substantial economic as well as political emancipation of Dutse. He died in a war with Kwararrafa among several other men that went into the war.
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14. Sarki Dutse Jawandu-Dogo [1592-1609]
He was the fourteenth Sarkin Dutse and the first son of Mantau Jarmai who further consolidated the southern and western flanks including Madobi, Shimadara valleys, Kudai, Malamawa valleys, Ruru, Jaudi, Jidawa, War-wade valleys, Sakwaya, and Fuguma valleys.
He became insane, isolated himself from the public, and left the day today running of affairs in the hands of his cousin Barwa Timbale. He spent most of his time around Asarki conferring with the Jinn and picking pieces of stones. He became oblivious to what was happening around him until his war commander replaced him in 1609, when public agitation was in favor of his abdication. He was mentally incapable to differentiate between reality and fiction.
15. Sarkin Dutse Bususu- Atakalafiya [C.1609-1616]
The fifteenth Sarkin Dutse Yusufu served Sarki Jarmai Babba as a war commander who lived at Takalafiya until his appointment as the fifteenth Sarkin Dutse. His parents were from Zai and were unrelated to any of the previous kings. He called his abode Takalafiya because of the loose rocks along the path to his residence that often hides scorpions and snakes. After his death in 1616, his family remained at Takalafiya settlement for several years.
He was a liberal leader who establishes several community farms to support his program idea of emergency reserve. He was prudent with public assets and always available to public. A group that was desperate to change the course of history killed him in a premeditated murder in 1616.
In 1935, Sarkin Dutse Suleman II under the instruction of colonial District Officer turned the settlement into a graveyard to discourage public from burying their dead in their residences for health reasons.
16. Sarkin Dutse Tauroma- mai Babban Wando [C.1616-1632]
The sixteenth Sarkin Dutse was a close associate of Sarki Bususu who lived in Limawa and nicknamed Mai Babban Wando because of his love for fashionable trousers, which he designs and sew. His residence built along the Jambo stream purposely to enable him tender his gardens during his leisure times. He established Limawa flee market and gave protection to people attending the market.
He was independent of the treasury and often supports it with his resources. He refused to engage into any war and encouraged his subjects to produce enough food for their uses and preserve what they grow and conserve water resources. He reduced taxes on farmlands and crops to encourage more production. He was afflicted with leprosy and died in 1632.
17. Sarkin Dutse Jankubu- Na Bukka [C.1632-1643]
He was the seventeenth Sarkin Dutse and grandson of Sarkin Dutse Bususu and a trusted courtier of Sarki Tauroma. He lived in a small hut at his farm north of Galamawa settlement, which later assumed the status of his second palace.
He was shy and resolute in dealing with public affairs, but a person of great caution with public funds. Dutse during his time suffered defeats from Gaya from the west and Guddiri from the east. The losses of territories from the two flanks never recovered during his tenure. He died of Cholera related diseases at his Bukka palace along with some members of his family in 16423.
18. Sarkin Dutse Inuwa Bagizire [C.1643-1658]
The eighteenth Sarkin Dutse was a trusted friend of Sarkin Dutse Jankubu and his son in law. His Kanuri parents settled at Gizirawa a small settlement established by Duna-Magu the hunter that gave Dutse its nickname Gadawur. He achieved fame in warfare and was the first Sarkin Dutse to use gunpowder and padded cloth (lifidi) in combat. He gave protection and brought under his administration several settlements that were hostile to the previous rulers.
He built his Palace on the Gizirawa Hill strategically overlooking the southeastern settlements and Garu to the west. He died in 1658 after sustaining injuries at an encounter with Gaya over territorial dispute.
19. Sarkin Dutse Habu Mai Kokiya C. 1658-1667,
The nineteenth Sarkin Dutse and son of Sarkin Dutse Jankubu Na Bukka, Habu Mai Kokiya ruled for nine years after which he retired due to loss of sight.
During his reign, a treaty of non-aggression entered between him, and Sarkin Guddiri, setting clear demarcation of each others territory established. Having secured the western boundary, he made all efforts to do the same with Sarkin Kano but to no avail. He died without achieving his ambition of non-aggression treaty between Dutse and Kano in 1667.
20. Sarkin Dutse Adu -Idon-Mikiya [C.1667-1679]
He was the twentieth Sarkin Dutse and half brother of Sarkin Dutse Habu. His style of leadership was remarkably different from his brother. He was nick named Idon Mikiya because of his peculiar eyesight, which was extra ordinary. Sitting on Kara Kallo rock, he could tell what was happening several miles away.
One evening he assembled his cavalry and instructed them to go to towards Kila Mountings to capture slaves after noticing smoke rising from the hills. He concentrated his efforts not in the territorial acquisition, but on building strong team of slave raiders.
His terror and style of attack in the middle of the night created a mystique impression about his sight. When he died in 1697, his remains mysteriously disappeared from his grave.
21. Sarkin Dutse Mani Mai-Artabu [C.1679-1686]
He was the twenty-first Sarkin Dutse and son of Sarkin Dutse Inuwa Bagizire. He was nicknamed Mai-Artabu because of his war mongering adventures that took him far and near. Stoutly built with broad shoulders and often winkles his eyes when in distress or excitement. He was a man of war and died in an encounter with the Ningawa while supporting Sarkin Kudu to gain back some territories in 1686. Hyenas ate his remains among many others that lost their lives in the battle at Dutsen Danga.
During his reign, re-enforcement of the town wall construction started but only a small distance covered from Gizirawa to Ihunka-Banza near Jigawar Sarki. His war strategy was to be on constant aggression, and never on the defense. He believed allowing the enemy to rest and plan an attack will be catastrophic mistake.
22. Sarkin Dutse Hassan Makau Dodan-Bango [C.1686-1702]
The twenty-second king of Dutse and son of Sarkin Dutse Adu Idon Mikiya. Nicknamed Dodan-Bango because his people believed he has spiritual power to break through walls no matter how thick or strong without been detected. He created so many mystical impressions on his people that everyone obeys his orders out of fear.
He displays around his neck, wrist, and waist charms of different sizes and looks to scare opponents and subdue his quittances. That not withstanding, he died of a mysterious illness after performing the annual Asarki ritual in 1702.
23. Sarkin Dutse Mamman Mai-Sajen Fama [C.1702-1720]
The earliest written documents reported that by the opening years of 18th century, during the reign of Sarki Mamman Mai-Sajen Fama, [C.1702-1720] Dutse had grown into a very big town comprising of about seventeen wards within its walled vicinity. The wall built around the rock clusters, enclosing [Jambo stream] within the central area, hand twelve town gates [Kofofin Gari] named after the nearest settlements.
1. Kofar Maranjuwa
2. Kofar Burtilan
3. Kofar Yina
4. Kofar Kokiya
5. Kofar Bukka
6. Kofar Galamawa
7. Kofar Ma’ai
8. Kofar Tago
9. Kofar Kachi
10. Kofar Gadadin
11. Kofar Galadimawa
12. Kofar Rariya
Although the wall had disappeared in many places, remnants of it are still visible in some areas around the rock clusters. Sarkin Dutse Mamman Mai Sajen Fama died supporting Kano in a war with Zamfara.
24. Sarkin Dutse Yahai –Makuri Bangon Dutsi [C. 1720-1732]
The story of Hausa Kings of Dutse from the earliest recorded recollections 13th century based on oral traditions, which is subjected to several errors and distortions depending on the sources of information. However, Makuri was about the 27th ruler of Dutse territory whose story became the reference point in historical development of Dutse. He was the father of a family that finally relinquish power to the Fulani and also the most known Hausa rulers in the history of Dutse. He was a great warrior, an inveterate slave raider, who commands great wisdom and skill in the art of warfare. He chose fortifying the town wall by re-enforcing it with stone boulders. The strategic location of his Garu Palace makes it inaccessible by horses except through the one gate overlooking many miles of undulated valley. The summit has abundant fresh water supply of springs throughout the year and numerous wild fruit trees.
He takes pleasure in acquiring slaves to raise revenue for his war adventures. For the twelve years of his ruler ship, it was estimated that he captured thousands of slaves from neighboring villages, and created a war camp called (Dutsen Madaura) in the middle of the mountains terrains invisible to anyone except those he trusted where slaves were in castrated. His constant raids particularly into neighboring towns resulted into depletion of its population, thereby creating large migrations into bigger towns of Gaya and Birnin Kudu.
25. Sarkin Dutse Ada Gyauron Maza [C. 1732-1735]
The first recorded written history of any Dutse ruler was that of Ada {C.1732-1735}.A powerful figure of Fulani descent called Ada came to Dutse area as a military envoy of Sarkin Kano Kumbari in 1732 to put a stop to the slave raiding forays of Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] in to Kano and impending attack from Borno.
However, no sooner had Ada defeated Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] events took an unexpected twist as he not only usurped the ruler-ship of Dutse but also asserted his independence and further proceeded with re-organization of a strong military force to rival Kano. Within two years he did not only annexed territories from Aujara, Harbo, Birnin-Kudu, Kiyawa, and Ringim; but also repulsed several expeditions mounted against him by his erstwhile boss.
The period of Ada marked Dutse’s pinnacle of economic and political glory. Ada built a strong military that by c. 1735 all Kano warriors were reluctant to answer further Kumbari’s call for expedition against him. This development left Kumbari at the mercy of some 99 Kano princes who only on exacting a heavy concession agreed to come to his aid. Among them were, Sarkin Jarumai Ayidajika, Barde Duguru, Dan-Iya Tafiwa, Dan-Iya Gajigi, Dan-tama, Dan-Amar, Dan-Kadai, Dan-Akarya, Jambade, Madawaki Yabo, Galadima, Dan-Farmi, Sarkin Dawaki, Barde Suke, Jarmai Akalamu, Jarmai Tagwai, Dan-Hamoda, Dan-Tankari, Dan-Hamada, Dan-Dama Kanwacilaya, Sarkin Gano Bako, Dan-Tara-Tara, Dan-Miskari, Dan-Ashifa, Dan-Gabu Baje, Dan-Lawan, Dan-Rimi, Dan-Makwayo, Dan-Maje, Dan-Auta, Makaman Dal, Dan-Fari Zaki, Dan-Ajiji, Sarkin Sankara, Dan-Ali Doka, Sarkin Bebeji Zakari, Sarkin Sakiya Atura, Sarkin Majiya Dandawa, and others.
The princes and supporters set out on their mission to capture Ada, by dressing eunuch slave impressively in royal regalia as to deceitfully appear as Sarkin Kano Kumbari. In the course of the encounter that ensured, Ada who mistakenly went in pursuit of Sarkin Kano [Kumbari] found himself facing a decoy surrounded by the prices. Even at that point, Ada rather than surrender opted to fight to his last breath.
The gallant combat fighter he was, Ada only gave up the ghost after killing four of the Princes namely:-Dan Buram, Dan Lawal, Dan Maje and Dan Darman. Their victory however, was limited to the battlefield they were afraid to venture into the walled town with a view to seizing its control. The Kano chronicle reports that the defeating forces of Kano returned to Kano without capturing the town of Dutse.
26. Sarkin Dutse Zubairu Tsohon Mutum [C. 1737-1797]
[Tsohon Mutum] an erstwhile army commander and great strategist under Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] who fled to Birnin Kudu, reemerges and filled the vacuum left by Ada’s death. The most remarkable achievement of which Dutse tradition best remember him was the building of second wall [Ganuwar Gari] that extends to neighboring settlements around Garu and building of the additional eleven gates. This wall is still visible in some areas around the town built with a mixture of special mortar and lumps of stones. The extension provided additional food security for not only Garu Palace but also the settlements that fall within the wall. He created a second wall as an outer ring around the existing wall built by Sarkin Dutse Tuwai [1421-1463] to provide further fortification to the Garu Palace. [Tsohon Mutum] Retired on the admonishment of his Queen nicknamed Yar-Gyatuma after 60 years on the throne in favor of his two sons.
27. Sarkin Dutse Mamman Natata [C. 1797-1799
Natata was a strongly built individual who had a large family and a great farmer. He owned several farms and livestock that he often spends most of his days tendering. Unlike his predecessor, he refused to engage himself in slave raiding and maintenance of the fortification around the town, resulting in the dilapidation of most parts of the walls. He bought the support of his neighbors by sending generous gifts of grains and livestock to keep them from attacking his territory.
The three years of Natata as Sarkin Dutse saw the development of many local industries of pottery at Tago, textile at Kachi, and dyeing at Limawa all within the town walls.
28. Sarkin Dutse Amadu Gwajabo [C. 1799-1807]
The last Hausa King Gwajabo inherited from his brother a weak administration that neglected its army and forced many of them in to the thriving agriculture and local industries his predecessor encouraged. He was a weak leader, who failed to define his administration goals. When confronted by the increasing revolutionary attacks by the Fellata, he reluctantly agreed to fight in defense of his territory.
When he realized that, he could not match the advancing forces, ordered all his commanders that escaped the onslaught to surrender and open the twelve town gates leading into the town on March 25 of 1807. He fled to Kila and sent his emissaries to bargain for his safe return and the safety of his family in exchange for his voluntarily resignation. The head of the Fellata accepted his resignation and allowed him to move to Jigawar Sarki in the outskirts of the walled town with his family until his death in 1812.
THE ASCENDANCY OF THE FELLATA-BORNO 1806
Unanimous Dutse traditions relate about Salihu and Musa of [Yalligawa and Jalligawa] Fulani clans respectively as the principle actors who led the movement that ushered in the ascendancy of Fulani rule in 1807. It appears that the duo as the head of their clans generally referred to as [Fellata-Borno] migrated to now referred to as Dutse Gadawur from Birnin Gazargamo in Kanem- Borno Empire [Now in Yobe State] in 1804 as a fallout of the Fulani uprisings. The Jalligawa and Yalligawa Fulani clans, better known as Fellata-Borno or (Fulbe) were herdsmen and scholars who found settlement along the river Kamadugu-yobe in the early century. They have been occupying the western part of the empire since the 16th century as a fertile grazing ground for their Livestock and a center of learning.
They remained distinctive and refused to either assimilation by the Kanuri majority or participate politically in the government in Gazargamo; but have always paid local taxes and grazing dues to the central government and local leaders in whose territories they resided.
By the 18th century, mainly because of the weakening of the central government, the Fellata began to bear most of the hardship. Some young scholars among them Salihu Awwal, Musa Ahmadu and Muhammadu Gyano began to criticize the local leaders by preaching the virtues of good governance, that pitched them against the government.
In 1804, the two clans [Jalligawa and Yalligawa] began a systematic migration as (Muhajirun) to meet with Shehu Othman Ibn Fodiye who shared their passion for scholarship. They made several brief stops including Gashuwa, Shira in Katagum, and Jama’are on their way to Sokoto, but when they reached Dutse Gadawur, they decided to leave many of the younger members of the clans behind to ease their journey to Sokoto. Their plan was to return through Dutse on their way back to Gazargamo after meeting with Othman bin Fodio. They estimated that the journey would not take more than sixteen weeks. And therefore made adequate provision for the families and proceeded to Sokoto. The two groups lead by Malam Salihu Dan Awwal from the Yalligawa clan; Malam Musa Dan Ahmadu from the Jalligawa clan and Malam Muhammadu Gyano from the other Jalligawa clan set out for the last lap of the journey to meet Shehu. The (Gyanawa) who were mainly scholars and jurists settled in selected places conducive to learning and formed (tsangaya) learning settlements west of the town, while the other two groups decided to leave their families close to the town. With the passing time, the educated Gyanawa elites moved to Kano and formed a large family of jurists, and scholars, leaving their relatives in the settlements of Ruru, Sakwaya, and Tsangaya. The other groups of Jalligawa and Yalligawa clans who settled in the town were more political, who saw an opportunity in the weakness of Sarkin Dutse Ahmadu Gwajabo to establish themselves as political leaders cum Islamic scholars if they can win the hearts of the native people. Their first settlement was in what is now Fagoji a corrupted Fellata word (Faggo-jif) meaning offload, where they established a Qur’anic school for their children under the care of Modibbo Bukar a member of the clan. They also set up farms along the runoff stream that empties its water few miles west of town at Disina. In the same year, they set out leaving their families behind to achieve their goals of meeting the “deliverer of the truth” Sheik Othman Ibn Fodiye.
On their way to Sokoto to meet the deliverer, they stopped in Kano briefly to meet with the great teacher Malam Suleman Ibn Aba Hama who was on his way to Zamfara for a meeting at the instance of Shehu Othman Ibn Fodiye himself. They joined his company, but because of some reasons, Shehu Othman could not attend the meeting, but delegated his son Muhammad Bello, with the instruction to appoint Malam Suleman as [the first Fulani ruler of Kano]. After the meeting, they proceeded without Suleman to Sokoto to pay their respect to Shehu and seek his permission and support to return to Gazargamo to help Mala Rida, Muhtar, and Hannima on their match against Sultan Ahmed Ibn Ali’s forces, who fell out of favor with the Fellata few years after tin the their departure. However, when they returned to Kano, Suleman persuaded them to stay with him and help in the liberation of Kano.
They settled briefly at Marmara quarters in Kano city assisting [Sarkin Kano Suleman] in setting up an administration and the preparation for the final assault against the remaining territories under the control of pagan kings or indolent Muslim rulers. The Yalligawa and Jalligawa clans under the command of Malam Bakatsine (Bajobe) attacked and defeated Alwali and his forces at Burun-Burun who was returning from Zaria to take over Kano from the Fulani rulers in 1806. . In mid 1807, they received a message from their kin in Borno that preparations for the final assault on Gazargamo was underway and therefore seek Salesman’s permission to return to Gazargamo through Dutse where they left part of their families.
On their return to Dutse, they found some members of their families already established their presence in the area. They decided that if they are to reside in the area, they must dislodge the Hausa King [Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo]. They assessed his strength militarily, and reasoned that he could not match their war skills, nor has he the capacity to mobilize his people already in the mood for change of administration. On assessing the political atmosphere, Sarki Gwajabo relinquishes power without a fight. According to some sources, he negotiated his retirement with the clan leaders to settle on a hill in the outskirts of town known as Jigawar Sarki until his death in 1812. Other sources said he surrendered after a defeat by the Fellata forces. The taking over of Dutse created a dilemma for the clan leaders, that if they leave, someone else may take over the town and throw out their families, for if they stay, they may loose their respect with their Fellata kin in Borno.
They decided to remain in Dutse and Salihu who assumed the leadership appointed Musa as commander of the forces and quickly started retraining of their military in the art of warfare in mountain terrains. This training became handy when Sarkin Kano Suleman appointed Salihu to command war against warji (pagans) and Fagam. The success of this expedition gave subsequent rulers of Kano the confidence to use the skills of the Dutse forces in difficult wars.
In 1826, barely twenty-five years after their migration from Borno, the forces of El-Kanem in an effort to re-capture their lost territories from the Sokoto caliphate came face to face with Sarkin Dutse Musa’s forces appointed by Sultan Mohammed Bello whom he met at Zamfara and in Sokoto during his trip with Sarkin Kano Suleman.
Musa a war strategist hid his forces on the edge of river Kiyawa on Kano-Bauchi border at a village that is now called Fake a Hausa word denoting hiding. He used his knowledge [as a Fellata] of the Kanuri war strategies against them as he led his forces in an ambush when they least expected and caught them off- guard. The El- Kanem forces had to flee in utter confusion back to Bauchi territory where Mohammed El-Amin El-Kanemi narrowly escaped death, abandoning some of their possessions along the way through Guddiri territory [now Katagum]. It is because of this defeat, subsequent Dutse rulers took the title of {Mai Barnawa} meaning chief of Kanuri as derogatory remark in a joking relationship between the Fellata and the Kanuri their former hosts and rulers.
KANO and DUTSE Relations (1808-1991)It is significant to highlight that the ascendancy of Fulani in C1807 marks a turning point in the history of Dutse not only did it loose its status as an independent Wilaya in 1808, but also had to share its revenues 50-50 with the central government in Kano. Its new status as a protectorate of Kano further gave it less freedom to initiate wars without the full consent of Kano. The two-clan leaders Salihu and Musa accepted and signed the treaty to administer the Dutse fiefdom. The treaty provides some tax concessions from Sarkin Kano Suleiman, and appointing Salihu as the first Fief, and according him a high degree of fiduciary powers and autonomy over Dutse particularly in the sphere of tax collections. Under the treaty, the two ruling clans of Jalligawa and Yalligawa were reserved the exclusive right of producing successive Dutse rulers, while Kano’s role remained limited to confirmation and installation of a nominated Fief.
In 1882, the people of Gwarzo, who are predominantly Hausa farmers, petitioned against their [Fulani of Karaye] rulers for imposing punitive taxes on their farm produce. The Wazirin Sokoto (Abdullahi Bayero) directed Kano administration to appoint an independent fief for Gwarzo. The long tradition of inter- family marriages between the Sarakunan Fulanin Dutse and the Sullubawa dynasty made Sarkin Kano Dabo to appoint (Madakin Dutse) Hassan Dan Bello to oversee the administration of Gwarzo. His offspring Nata’ala was appointed (Sarkin Dawaki Mai Tuta) kingmaker and District Head of Gwarzo C. 1916-1942 after the deposition of Jammo Babba on the ground of mental instability in 1912. After his death, his son Abubakar succeeded him as Sarkin Dawaki Mai Tuta kingmaker C. 1942-1950. Again in 1950 Emir Abdullahi Bayero Dan Abbas appointed Muhammadu Inuwa Dan Haladu [son of deposed Sarkin Dutse Haladu] as Sarkin Dawaki Mai Tuta Kingmaker and District Head of Gwarzo C. 1950-1952. From 1952, the title passed to two other families appointed by emirs Sanusi and Ado Bayero [Bello Dan Dago and Babba Dan Agundi] the title of Sarkin Dawaki Mai Tuta. The title reverted again to the Dutse ruling family after the deposition of Aminu Babba Dan Agundi in 2001. Such was the nature of the relationship between Kano and Dutse ruling houses.
The British conquest of Kano in 1903 and the subsequent administrative reforms introduced by the imperial power altered the long-standing relationship. Their administrative reforms fundamentally eroded the autonomy of Dutse and placed it under the introduced District System of local administration in Kano Emirate. The Colonial Administrators found it expedient to re-alien and re-group territories all across the emirate without due consideration of their affinity or history.
The then Sarkin Dutse [Haladu Dan Suleman] was the first to be reverted to a salaried district head charged primarily with the responsibility of tax collection under the new dispensation. He later became the first victim of the new system when he lost his position in 1910 for failing to collect adequate taxes. However, the exclusive hereditary right of the two ruling houses in Dutse was preserved. The Colonial Administrators continued to respect the Kano-Dutse treaty, until 1919 when they imposed Dan Lawal Ahmadu Gurara to administer the territory after the failure of Sarkin Dutse Abdullahi I Dan Suleman to collect adequate taxes. The tax drive by Dan Lawal also failed because of the stiff resistance from Dutse people against the imposition of an outsider. The ruling families organized civil disobedience denying Dan Lawal Ahmadu the support in the collection of taxes, and organized continuous civil unrests leading to mass emigration to neighboring towns of Birnin Kudu, Gaya, and Ringim.
1. Amil- Salihu 1 Dan Ibrahim c.1807-1819
The first Fulani ruler reputedly, a very learned man, Salihu Dan Ibrahim [Bajallige] lived a quite and simple life of scholarship after deposing the last Habe ruler [Gwajabo c.1799-1807]. During his twelve years of leadership, he remained the spiritual leader of the clans while entrusting the military affairs in the hands of his associate as commander of the forces [the Makama] Musa Dan Ahmadu.
Salihu consolidated Fulani administration in Dutse by putting an alliance between the clans to jointly oversea the territory. Musa Dan Ahmadu {Bayallige} as the commander of the forces, Muhtar Dan Abubakar {Bagyane} as the head of the judiciary, and Safiyanu Dan Ahmadu Gwajabo {Bahaushe} to see in the day to day administration.
During his period Dutse not only played an important military expedition under its commander against the last Habe ruler of Birnin-kudu [Dan-kuri Toro] in 1819, who was defeated and forced to flee to Badingo Hills, despite his legendary bravery. Birnin Kudu became an important ally of Dutse during his reign.
2. Amil- Musa Ahmadu c.1819-1840
Musa Dan Ahmadu [Bayallige] was a close friend and ally of Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo [1819-1846] partly because of his courage and war strategies. He ascended to the throne barely few weeks after Ibrahim Dabo became the new emir of Kano.
His reputation as a wise and brave commander of Salihu, who planned the liberation of Birnin-Kudu from Habe ruler; his marriage to the daughters of deposed Sarkin Dutse [Gwajabo] and Galadiman Kano [Sani]. The most remarkable surprise was his command in the defeat of the El-Kanem forces at [Fake] in 1826, by playing weak and dangling in front of them the prospect of easy gains. His legendary personality in history shaped Dutse’s victories in many wars even after his time.
He became blind in 1839 as result of a trachoma, which severely reduced his ability to govern effectively. Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo requested him to present his successor, and when he did present his eldest son the Chiroman Dutse Suleman; Galadiman Kano Sani his father in-law already out of favor with him, preferred his grandson [Bello]. In consequence, Musa was so angry, and opted for a self-exile at [Shira] in Katagum Emirate where he sojourned until 1843.
3. Amil- Bello I Dan Musa c. 1840-1849
He was famous for his forceful and resolute character, but his brothers viewed enthronement as purely an injustice due to his maternal root in Kano ruling house. The gang-up against him in support of Suleman I Dan Musa whose mother Amina was the daughter of Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo became so intense in the early part of his reign.
Despite all opposition, Bello Dan Musa [Bayallige] brought glory reminiscent of {Ada the great}. After taking full control of the internal situation, he began military adventures against his neighbors Gaya, Ajingi, and Aujara, which did not please his grandparents in Kano. In addition to his war adventures against Kano territories, he flouted their directives by suspending the payment of war chest [50% of revenue].
They set up bait and persuaded him to visit Sarkin Kano Usman Dan Dabo for a family meeting to resolve the crisis with a promise of leniency and stronger military support in 1849. On his arrival at Kano palace, he was warmly received, and lured to sit on a camouflaged mat that was actually a deep pit. He died from the injuries sustained in the pit.
4. Amil- Suleman Dan Musa c.1849-1868
With the death of Sarkin Dutse Bello in 1849, Emir of Kano [Usman Dan Dabo] requested ex- Sarkin Dutse Musa to return to Dutse from Shira and present any of his Sons to succeed him. Suleman Dan Musa [Bayallige], who went into exile with his father to Shira, became the natural successor and returned to Dutse to take charge of affairs. During his reign, Dutse was constantly attacked by its hostile neighbors Hadejia to the northeast and Ningi in the southwest. He was nicknamed (Gajere bakada Tsoro) small nature with strong heart.
Under his command, he stopped several incursions by Ningawa into Kano territories of Birnin Kudu and Sumaila. He also dispels Buhari of Hadejia’s predatory incursions into Miga, Harbo, and Kiyawa after returning from exile in Machina in 1852. Dr. Heinrich Barth in his journal of expedition (1849-1855) said this about the destructive nature of Buhari’s wars.
“Indeed on my second journey through these regions I shall have the sad duty of describing the state of misery into districts; which on my former visit I had found flourishing and populous, had been reduced by this warlike chieftain, who, instead of founding a strong kingdom and showing himself as a great prince, chose rather, like most of his countrymen, to base his power on the destruction and devastation of the country around him, and to make himself a slave dealer on a grand scale.”
The death of Sarkin Hadejia Buhari in 1863 signaled a new relationship between Dutse and Hadejia, when Sarkin Dutse Suleman I Dan Musa sent several gifts of slaves and horses to the new Sarkin Hadejia Umaru as a sign of goodwill. This gesture made Sarkin Hadejia Umaru to seek asylum in Dutse after his deposition by his uncle in 1865.
Sarkin Kano [Abdullahi Dan Dabo], who succeeded his brother in 1855, appointed Suleman I Dan Musa one of his leading commanders in an attempt to crush Hadejia and Ningi insurgencies against Kano. Suleman I Dan Musa was constantly at war defending the Kano territory from the southern and eastern neighbors. He paid little attention to the administration of his territory, which left in the care of his younger brother Abdulkadir Dan Musa. The consistency of the attacks diminished his resources, while his fighting forces were under great stress and ill equipped to win wars.
In 1868, the emir of Kano appointed him the Commander of a joint force to stop an advancing Ningi troops from taking over Sumaila and Takai.
He and Madakin Kano commanded the war in which both of them lost their lives at Fajewa in that year. He was nicknamed [maje-Fajewa] because he instructed his lieutenants to burry him on the battleground after sustaining life-threatening wounds.
5. Amil- Ibrahim Dan Salihu I c.1868-1884
On the demise of Sarki Suleman Dan Musa, the succession reverted to Jalligawa Salihu’s lineage after about half a century. The then Emir of Kano Abdullahi Dan Dabo appointed Ibrahim nicknamed (Irema) the third youngest child of Sarki Salihu I, and his in-law as Sarkin Dutse.
Under his reign, he was able to establish good working relationship with Kano leadership even though could not match the charismatic leadership of Sarkin Dutse Suleman Dan Musa.
Ibrahim Dan Salihu’s closeness to Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Dabo was to become his demise, when a new emir of Kano Muhammadu Bello began a systematic purge of top ranking officials whom he perceived as staunch loyalist of his predecessor. He instructed Sarkin Dutse to divorce Fulani Ayyah [daughter of emir Abdullahi] as a condition for retaining his position. However, the divorce never saved him from deposition. He received prison term after been accused of embezzlement of public funds, and showing disrespect to Emir Muhammadu Bello. Few months later, the Emir dropped the charges against him and sent him on exile to Wurma village. He permitted the use all royal regalia including the Kettle Drums, and Trumpets and to collect local taxes for his upkeep within the village.
In a letter to the Wazirin Sokoto in 1884 he wrote-
In the name of Allah the merciful, the compassionate, may Allah bless the noble Prophet.
From Sultan of Kano Muhammad Bello, son of the late Sultan Ibrahim.
Finest greetings, purest peace, noblest joy.
To Amir al-masalih, wali al-was’aih [lord of affairs, master of counsel] the most esteemed wazir Abdallah, entrusted with the affairs of all as was his late father Malam Gidado.
After this.
This is to inform you that when we deposed the governor [Amil] of Dutse, we ordered the enumeration of what he possessed and the materials for Jihad such as horses and swords and guns- all of these we left for whoever is appointed to govern the region [wilaya] of Dutse. And we did not take our thing [part]. We also counted his slaves and found they numbered eighty head. I ordered them to be divided into two halves – one-half came to us, and they numbered forty. I divided my half into two- I send you one-half. They are twenty [necks]: for the Amir al-muminin fifteen and for you five. This is all. May Allah prolong your days for us for the betterment of the affairs of the Muslimsince the coming of the Sheik of Islam, Othman. Peace. [On reverse: “To the hand of the amir of affairs, Abdullah the wazir”
6. Amil- Abdulkadir I Dan Salihu I c. 1884-1893 Sequel to the deposition of Sarki Ibrahim (Irema), in that year, Emir Muhammadu Bello apparently tried to maintain the support of the Jalligawa clan whose power Sarkin Dutse Ibrahim Irema resurrected and influenced. He tried to maintain his authority and influence by appointing his younger brother Abdulkadir Dan Salihu [Bajallige] and his son in-law as the new Sarkin Dutse.
Abdulkadir nicknamed (Damamusau) served in one of the most trying period in the history of the province. The emir’s policies brought about sharp divisions and alliances, culminating in the struggle for succession in Dutse, similar to the civil war in Kano. Abdulkadir (Damamusau) died few months before Emir Muhammadu Bello and leaves behind many unsolved problems in Dutse. For the first time since the emigration, the two clans were antagonistic to each other, resulting is depositions of key officials and replacing them with loyalists.
7. Amil- Salihu II Dan Ibrahim c 1893-1894
Tukur Dan Muhammadu Bello succeeded his late father Muhammad Bello as the new emir of Kano and appointed in the same year Madakin Dutse Salihu II Dan Ibrahim [Bajallige] as the new Sarkin Dutse. His choice of Salihu another [Bajallige] pitched the [Yalligawa] clan out of favor with Kano leadership and therefore aliened and joined their forces with Galadiman Kano Yusuf (Yusufawa). A treaty of understanding entered at Takai under the command of Ibrahim Dan Musa to work and support the cause of Yusuf’s army in exchange for his support to oust Sarkin Dutse Salihu II Dan Ibrahim [Bajallige].
When their forces took over Gaya, Ibrahim Dan Musa requested for support of Galadima Yusuf to carry an attack against Sarkin Dutse Salihu II. In appreciation of the military support, Ibrahim Dan Musa provided to the break away group, Yusuf appointed him defector Sarkin Dutse prior to final assault on Dutse in August 1894. When the joint forces finally defeated Sarki Salihu II at battle of Karnaya, he fled to Hadejia for asylum and support. The emir provided him asylum in Hadejia town and withdrew his support to the pretenders of the Kano civil war after discovering emir of Gumel’s overtures at Takai. Yusuf appointed Ibrahim Dan Musa as Sarkin Dutse. This development further heightened rivalry between the two ruling Houses of Dutse.
8. Amil- Ibrahim Dan Musa c 1894
Ibrahim Dan Musa [nicknamed Maje Fagge] was well acquainted with Galadima Yusuf through his brother Sarkin Dutse Suleman I Dan Musa. When the group migrated to Takai, Ibrahim Dan Musa supplied one hundred horses and a number of bows and arrows to Yusuf’s war chest. He was himself facing similar situation at home, and therefore found Yusuf’s migration to Takai a good opportunity to hit at Sarkin Dutse Salihu II Dan Ibrahim. He thought support of Yusuf and Sarkin Gumel Ahmadu who came to Takai to meet with Yusuf in defeating Sarkin Dutse Salihu II Dan Ibrahim [Bajallige] who paid his allegiance [Mubaya’a] to the new emir Muhammad Tukur.
After the defeat of Gaya, Galadima Yusuf installed Ibrahim Dan Musa [Bayallige] as Sarkin Dutse in addition to offering him his daughter in marriage. Sarkin Dutse Ibrahim Dan Musa in exchange took an oath of allegiance to remain loyal to Galadima Yusuf and his forces until after final assault for the liberation of Kano. He served as one of the commanders in Yusuf’s army until his death on 12, September 1894, barely two month after his installation at a fierce battle of control of Kano by Yusufu forces at Fagge.
On his death, the deposed Sarki Salihu II attempted to re-capture Dutse with the support of Sarkin Hadejia Muhammadu, from his asylum. However, his forces were no match for Emir Aliyu Dan Abdullahi [Maje Karofi] who succeeded Tukur as the new emir of Kano. He dispatched a formidable army including support from local army reservist to Dutse. The superior Kano army crushed and destroyed Salihu’s forces and his local supporters.
9. Amil- Abdulkadir 11 Dan Musa c.1894-1901
Nicknamed [Maje Abalago] appointed by the new emir of Kano Aliyu to succeed his brother as a reward for their support in the civil war. Throughout his reign, Sarkin Dutse Abdulkadir II Dan Musa [Bayallige] was in constant feud with Hadejia under Sarkin Hadejia Muhammadu, who supported, and armed Sarkin Dutse Salihu II in his attempt to re capture Dutse. In anguish from his failure to protect Salihu, Sarkin Hadejia Muhammadu carried several war expeditions into Kano territory of Miga, Majiya, and Dutse. Eventually, Abdulkadir died in an encounter with Hadejia forces at Shatari. [a fortified village on Dutse’s border with Hadejia]. His butchered remains buried at the nearby village of Abalago.
10. Amil- Abdulkadir III Dan Ibrahim c. 1901-1903
On the death of Abdulkadir II, [maje Abalago] emir of Kano Aliyu appointed Abdulkadir III another [Bayallige] as the new Sarkin Dutse. This period coincided with the piece meal occupation of the Sokoto Caliphate by the British colonial administration. He was a very learned Islamic theologian and devoted much of his time in the palace to the promotion of scholarship.
On January 2, 1903, barely four weeks before the British army set out for the conquest of Kano from Zaria, Sarki Abdulkadir III Dan Ibrahim in company of about one hundred ardent believers from Dutse joined emir Aliyu on the fateful journey to Sokoto.
On their way, back the sad news of the capture of Kano came to them as a rude shock. Aliyu with few of his lieutenants defected from the group, but was later captured by the British forces and exiled to Lokoja.
In utter war confusion, Abdulkadir and his men rather than surrender to the British forces, opted to join the company of Dan Yamusa to Sokoto to support the Caliph Muhammadu Attahiru I, who was also planning on migration to the Holy Land. Despite the banning order from Emir of Kano Abbas not to join the migration, over seven hundred more people from Dutse joined their Sarki when the Caliph’s procession entered Kano territory on 20th march 1903 en-route to Mecca.
On 27 July, the British forces in pursuit of the Caliph laid a final assault on them at Burmi. The Caliph and Sarki Abdulkadir III lost their lives along with several thousand gallant defenders of the Caliph.
11. D/H- Haladu Dan Suleman 1 [c.1903-1910]
With the conquest of Kano and the appointment of Muhammadu Abbas as the new emir by the British colonial administrator [Lord Lugard], on April 2 1903, the emir appointed his nephew Haladu Dan Suleman I [Bayallige] as the first District Head of Dutse. His appointment created serious rift within the Yalligawa ruling House. The local princesses saw his ascension not only unfair and unjust, but also downgrading the status of Sarautar Dutse. The princesses therefore vehemently protested the appointment of their junior brother and the downgrading of Dutse status. The decision of the traditional king makers of appointing Dan’iya Muhammadu Hamawabi, was overturned by Kano ruling house in favor of Haladu a nephew of the Emir.
The overturning of the kingmakers’ decision angered many locals leading to revolt in the first few weeks of the announcement. (Dan’iya) Muhammadu Hamawabi exiled to Borno, and returned to Dutse in 1910, after Haladu’s exit from office.
Unfortunately, for Sarkin Dutse Haladu, the new Colonial administration in Kano became dissatisfied with his pattern of tax collection, and in particular his inaptitude in the maintenance of law and order one of his primary responsibilities. The Colonial administration became very impatient with the way local tax collection is been carried out in Kano Emirate. Many of the fiefs have shown non-conformity with their rules and regulation over the years, which led the Colonial Resident Officer [Mr.Cargil] to introduce the idea of grouping several villages under one District to reduce the influence of the Sarakunan Fulanin Karaga. He assigned specific responsibilities to the created [Gunduma] village heads maintenance of law and order in addition to tax collections drive.
The new system further reduced the importance and influence of Sarkin Dutse [now a mere sub-District Head]. Dutse, Gaya, and Jahun fiefs formed one District, administered by [The Wazir]. By coincidence or shear hard work, the tax collections for the years 1906-1908, showed remarkable increase in Dutse and many parts of Kano emirate, which gave Mr.Cargil new impetus to introduce further reforms in 1908, which created additional fourteen District Administrations including Dutse as a separate District.
The elevation of Dutse as a District requires the creation of sub-District Heads for the collection of taxes. Dutse Villages were re-grouped into four sub-Districts under Madakin Dutse, Sarkin Yakin Dutse, Tafidan Dutse, and Makaman Dutse.[the most influential titleholders at the time].
The Colonial Administration also placed all sub Districts and District Heads on a 15-20 percent commission on collectable taxes. Sarki Haladu was unfortunate that the summer of 1909 witnessed partial drought resulting in poor harvest in Dutse District. Haladu could not make his case to the Acting Resident Mr. H.R. Palmer effectively, and therefore had to be removed on charges of embezzlement of tax funds.
He went into exile to Kano where he and his immediate family lived until his death in 1914. Among his offspring’s were Chiroman Dutse Muhammadu Inuwa Dan Haladu later (Sarkin Dawaki mai Tuta) of Kano 1950-1952.
12. D/H- Halilu Dan Bello 1 c.1910-1911
The deposition of Sarki Haladu created an opportunity leading to the appointment of Halilu Dan Bello [Bayallige] as the District Head of Dutse. Like his cousin, he could not effect changes that will raise the financial status of the District because of draught that devastated crops and livestock and forced several people to migrate in that year. He did his best to effect collection, but had to give up as many people migrate to Gaya, Ringim, and Birnin kudu districts for their survival. The District Officer was not convinced of his reasoning because the draught was partial and limited to the northern parts of the District. The District officers report said less than one third of the district suffered the drought, which has no serious consequence on the total collection. The Colonial administrator Mr. Bell ordered his removal from office after one year and few months in office on the ground of ineptitude.
13. D/H- Hamida Dan Ibrahim c.1912
The deposition of two District Heads from the [Yalligawa clan] in succession saw the return of Jalligawa clan into the administration of Dutse after several years. Diabetics afflicted Hamida Dan Ibrahim [Bajallige] for many years, which affected his organs. By the time he became the District Head, his health has deteriorated that he was unable to perform any function. He died barely five days after his installation ceremony.
14. D/H- Abdullahi I Dan Suleman I c.1912-1919
Emir Abbas appointed Abdullahi 1 Dan Suleman 1 [Bayallige] as the new District Head of Dutse. He started his administration with a very impressive tax drive to avoid the pitfalls of his predecessors. Within a few years, the problem of emigration continues in greater number to neighboring Districts of Gaya and Birnin-Kudu where the taxes are relatively lower than Dutse drained his efforts.
When tax records for the year 1914/1915 for the District fell to the lowest level, the Colonial administration charged him as lacking in the ability to take total control of the District and therefore directed the Emir to down grade his position and appointed Dan-Lawal [Ahmadu Gurara] to assist him in his primary duties in 1916.
Dan-Lawal’s heavy handedness in the collection of taxes, more than doubled the previous years. The surge in the revenue collection for the year 1916/1917 further reinforced the belief of the Colonial Administration to maintain Ahmadu Gurara as the substantive District Head, and therefore directed the Native Authority to reduce the status of Sarki Abdullahi 1 to a Village head, and appoint Gurara to take over the administration of the district.
There was considerable resentment over this arrangement as was contrary to the established tradition of Dutse-Kano relationship. The Dutse ruling houses joined and resisted vehemently and agitate people of Dutse to fight the perceived injustice by refusing to recognize any person imposed on them. They denied him any cooperation and his administration was sabotaged at all levels. In view of the stiff resistance, he was unable to occupy the Dutse palace, instead remained, and administered the District from Limawa. In one incident in 1917, when he attempted to visit the Dutse prison at Garu, he was stoned by irate youth mobilized by one of Sarki Abdullahi’s wives and herself a member of the Kano royal family [Fulani].
The Colonial Administration perceived this incident as weakness on the part of Dan-Lawal Ahmadu, and therefore his continued stay at Dutse may bring further instability. He was disgraced and charged with embezzlement and in subordination. The colonial Resident Mr. W. F. Gowers also viewed the crisis as engineered by Sarki Abdullahi; therefore use this against him a reason for his removal in 1919.
15. D/H- Bello Dan Abdulkadir 1 c.1919-1923
Because of the uprising against Dan-Lawal Ahmadu Gurara, the Colonial Administration further reduced the status of Sarautar Dutse to a Village Head of Garu as punitive measure to punish the members of Dutse ruling families. Bello Dan Abdulkadir [Bajallige] was appointed Sarkin Dutse, but with limited jurisdiction and placed under a new District supervisor [Dan-Lawal Umar Yola] by the new Emir of Kano Usman Dan Abdullahi, who was barely one month into office.
The appointment of Dan-Lawal Umar Yola did not solve the political situation in Dutse, as Dutse ruling houses view this as an effort to bring Dutse under subjugation and total control of Kano.
Several pressure groups emerged against the imposition of an alien to rule Dutse. The struggle became so intense that Dan- Lawal Umar became ineffective in the collection of taxes, his primary responsibility.
The Colonial Resident E. J. Arnett had always believed that Dutse District is large enough for two persons to supervise, but was reluctant to split the district for economic reasons, until the District Officer in charge of the area Mr. Nor assured him of the practicality of the division. The political situation in Dutse remained tense and had not allowed Dan-Lawal Umaru to remain in Dutse without intimidations. Sarkin Dutse Bello already weakened by the crisis and his lack of competence, removed from office in 1922, and settled at Katanga until his death.
16. D/H- Suleman II Dan Nuhu (MBE) c.1923-1960
Suleman II Dan Nuhu [Bayallige] was the first western educated Sarkin Dutse, and he was one of the first pupils to enroll into Kano Chiefs’ Sons’ School known as (Makarantar Gidan Dan Hausa) in September 1909, along with other princess from Northern Nigeria. Notably Malam Jaafar Dan Isyaku (Emir of Zazzau) Malam Bello Kagara, Malam Ahmadu (Emir of Misau), Malam Abubakar (wazir Kano), Malam Abdulkadir (Galadiman Kano), Malam Abdulwhab Ibrahim from Hadejia.
On the death of Sarki Bello in 1923, Suleman was a schoolteacher at Shahuchi Elementary school in Kano city, and as grandson of Sarkin Dutse Suleman 1, received his appointment from the Emir of Kano Usman as the new District Head of Dutse on 10 August 1923. His jurisdiction however was more than that of his predecessor, but limited to some part of the District.
In 1924, the District Colonial Officer [Mr. Nor Middleton] received the formal approval from the Resident Mr. E. J. Arnett to curve out Kiyawa out of Dutse as a separate District comprising of twenty six villages. Dan-Lawal Umar Yola headed Kiyawa District, while Sarkin Dutse Suleman Dan Nuhu headed the remaining thirty-three villages as Dutse District.
In view of his western education and exposure Suleman II, was able to bring new life to Dutse after some initial problems. The Colonial Administration rated his performance far above average, giving him additional responsibilities of deputizing the office of Madakin Kano [senior councilor] at the emirate headquarters.
In 1932, the Colonial Administration was fully convinced that he was quite capable of administering the two Districts, and re-amalgamated Kiyawa District back into Dutse at a meeting headed by the Colonial District Officer at Andaza village.
Salesman’s tenure coincided with period when colonial administrations around the world were facing stiff opposition, and had to respond to the mounting agitations for independence in their colonies. In 1936, Dutse had its first two-year elementary school at Marabisawa, relocated to Katangare and upgraded to class four in 1945. The school later moved to its present site at Garu in 1952. He was instrumental to the opening yet another elementary school in Kiyawa town in 1949.
Several achievements recorded during his tenure, includes the construction of many concrete open wells in several towns, modernization of stalls at major markets, and construction of dry season Fuguma-Dutse feeder road and Limawa- Fanisau in the District.
In 1947, Sarki Suleman provided the Sudan Interior Mission a land to establish the first health clinic. Through his efforts, he convinced the Kano Native Authority to establish a leprosy clinic at Katangare in 1950, managed by the Sudan Interior Missionaries. In the same year, a dam constructed at Kuka Springs along the old Garu-Limawa road.
In 1955, the Kano Native Authority built and commissioned the first Library and reading room at Garu palace, which had collection of basic reading materials journals and magazine, games and a portable Bush Radio installed for public use. His charisma and love for education and development of his people is legendary. Suleman died in July 1960 at Kano Hospital. He was committed to earth near his official residence at Dandago quarters in Kano city.
17. Amir- Abdullahi Maikano Dan Suleman c. 1960-1983
Was the first child of Suleman II, born in Kano in 1915, nicknamed Maikano, Abdullahi Dan Suleman [Bayallige] has his early education at Gidan Dan Hausa school in Nasarawa, Kano, from where he proceeded to the famous Katsina College that he finished in the mid 1930s. He served the Kano native authority in several capacities including head of Health Department [Wakilin Asibiti] and as a Northern Region Minister for local government and community development from 1957-1960 and NPC Government Chief Whip in the Northern House of Assembly. On the death of his father Sarkin Dutse Suleman [II], in July 1960, Abdullahi Maikano resigned his ministerial appointment to become the 17th Sarkin Dutse on 15 August 1960.
During his time the first senior primary school established at Takur in 1960, and Dutse became Local government headquarters in 1976. A surface dressing road constructed from Kwanar Fuguma through Yadi Dutse and Kiyawa that brought about economic benefits of the people of these areas.
April 1, 1981, acting on a constitutional provision, which confers the power of appointment and deposition of emirs on state government, the governor of Kano state [Abubakar Rimi] approved the elevation of three of the four historical districts [Sarakunan Karaga] of Dutse, Gaya, Rano, in Kano Emirate and Auyo in Hadejia Emirate to first class Emirate status. To this effect on 5 June 1981, Abdullahi Maikano the serving District Head of Dutse received his staff of office as first class Emir ahead of Hadejia and Kazaure Emirates.
Sadly, however, barely 28 months following the elevation of Dutse to emirate status the newly inaugurated governor [Sabo Bakin Zuwo] of Kano State, on 1 October 1983 announced the reversal of Dutse and the three others to their erstwhile district status. Abdullahi Maikano, opted for resignation and self-imposed exile to Hotoro in Kano, where he lived for the rest of his life.
18. Amir- Muhammad Sanusi Dan Bello c.1983-1995
Muhammad Sanusi Dan Bello [Bayallige] born in November 1913 and retired as village head of Gurduba became the 18th Sarkin Dutse on 11 November 1983.
A man of strong will and character, Muhammad Sanusi belonged to a rare group of traditional elites who experienced the challenges of serving the institution in virtually all its most sensitive and hierarchical position. An offspring of Sarkin Dutse Suleman I Dan Musa first joined the service of the institution as the Makaman Dutse village head of Galamawa, in 1937-1944, then Sarkin Yaki village head Yargaba 1944-1953, and village head of Gurduba 1953-1981.
On November 1, 1981, the PRP Government under Abubakar Rimi ordered the retirement of village heads known to be NPN sympathizers from service. The sharp political differences between him and the Local Government officials continued until the end of its tenure in October 1983. It was out of the retirement that the Emir of Kano [Alhaji Ado Bayero] who was not in favor of his earlier retirement then rewarded him with higher appointment of the District head of Dutse on October 31 1983.
Just a little over a decade after the first elevation of Dutse district to an emirate status; the Federal Military Government under [Ibrahim Babangida] created the Jigawa State on August 27, 1991 and Dutse became the Capital City of the new State. This development gave birth to yet another Dutse Emirate on 13 November 1991, comprising the local government areas of Dutse, Kiyawa, Birnin Kudu, Buji, Gwaram, Jahun, and Miga. The creation of Dutse emirate gave rise to the upgrading of its serving district head [Muhammad Sanusi Ibn Bello] to the first class Emir of Dutse.
His time marked the watershed of the development of Dutse from a sleepy local government headquarters to a state capital. Dutse Township connected to the national grid in electricity supply, portable water from Shuwari; township roads, construction of important public buildings, and general economic development characterize his period.
Emir Muhammad Sanusi died on 29 November 1995, after a brief illness at his Garu Palace. He was buried at his private residence at Shuwari village at 3.pm same day.
19. Amir-Nuhu Dan Muhammad Sanusi
He succeeded his late father on the 10 December 1995 and installed emir of Dutse on the 13 January 1996. Born at Yargaba Village in January 1945 and attended Dutse elementary school 1952-56. After completion of his post primary education obtained a National Certificate in Education from Ahmadu Bello University, a Bachelor of Science [rum-laude] and a master of Arts international Business from Ohio University United States of America. He also obtained a postgraduate Diploma in Project Planning and Analysis from Bradford University United Kingdom. The Federal University of Technology Owerri awarded him an honorary Doctorate Degree in Management.
He has substantial experience in Agricultural Consultancy, Industrial, and Commercial management after working for several years in such capacities. Lived and traveled extensively in the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Canada. He visited many European countries including Belgium, Netherlands Luxembourg, West and East Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, and France. He also visited Many Latin American Countries Including Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, British Columbia, Argentina, Peru, and Cuba. He visited Many East Asian Countries Including Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Philippines, and Nepal. He visited and traveled extensively in Australia and many Middle Eastern Countries including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. In Africa, he visited some West African countries and South Africa.
Even though he never moved to Garu Palace during his time, nevertheless its artistic features received greatest attention.
He embarked in its restoration and renovations that drew national attention to its significance and listed as National Monument by the Tourism Board. It has also received International recognition when Professor Moses Ochonu of African History at Vanderbilt University visited Dutse and wrote an article about its significant art works in The Journal of The International Institute in spring of 2008.
He wrote and presented several papers at International and National seminars, on various topics, and has written several books including his autobiography, and Dutse History.
During his tenure, Dutse metamorphoses from a sleepy town to a prosperous city where not only the economic fortunes of its people have increased remarkably, but also the level of educational and spiritual awareness rekindled. He established several private schools for the young and adults and encouraged the community to seek knowledge as the main tool to development and poverty elimination.
JALLIGAWA AND YALLIGAWA CLAN DUTSE RULERS
1. Salihu Dan Awwal (Jallige) - C1807-1819
2. Musa Dan Ahmadu (Yallige) - C1819-1840
3. Bello Dan Musa (Yallige) - C1840-1849
4. Suleiman Dan Musa (Yallige) - C1849-1868
5. Ibrahim I Dan Salihu (Jallige) - C1868-1884
6. Abdulkadir I Dan Salihu (Jallige) - C1884-1893
7. Salihu Dan Ibrahim (Yallige) - C1893-1894
8. Ibrahim II Dan Musa (Yallige) - C1894-1894
9. Abdulkadir II Dan Musa (Yallige) - C1894-1901
10. Abdulkadir III Dan Ibrahim (Yallige) - C1901-1903
11. Haladu Dan Suleman (Yallige) - C1903-1910
12 Halilu Dan Bello (Yallige) - C1910-1911
13. Hamida Dan Ibrahim (Jallige) - C1912-1912
14. Abdullahi 1 Dan Suleman (Yallige) - C1912-1919
15. Bello II Dan Abdulkadir (Jallige) C1919-1923
16. Suleiman II Dan Nuhu (Yallige) - C1923-1960
17. Abdullahi Maikano Suleman (Yallige) - C1960-1983
18. Muhammadu Sanusi Dan Bello (Yallige)- C1983-1995
19. Nuhu Muhammad Sanusi (Yallige) - 10 Dec1995-
1. The offspring’s of Salihu Dan Lawal*
Ibrahim 1 (Irema)* (C1868-84)
Abdulkadir I * (C1884-93)
Musale
Abdullahi
2. The offspring’s of Musa Dan Ahmadu *
Bello* (C 1840-49)
Suleman* (C1849-68)
Muhammad Sani
Amada
Aliyu
Turaki Halliru
Ibrahim* Hamma Jatau (1894)
Barwa Abdulkadir
Hussein
Abdulkadir II* (1894-1901)
Salihu (Gyanawa)
Goggore Babba (F)
Goggore Karama (F)
Fatima (F)
3. The Offspring’s of Bello Dan Musa*
Halilu* (C1910-11)
Madaki Hassan-His offspring’s were Sarkin Dawaki mai Tuta Nata’ala, and his son Sarkin Dawaki mai Tuta Abubakar.
Barde Manu
Hafsatu- Jebu (F)
Dija Gogon Makaranta (F)
4. The Offspring’s of Suleman I Dan Musa*
Chiroma Muhammadu Jaruma
Madaki Abubakar
Dan Iya Hamal-Wabe
Barwa Ahmadu
Madaki Isa
Makama Musa
Abdullahi * (C1912-19)
Maina Ahmadu
Barde Sambo
Alhaji Nuhu
Maina Mai-Zaria
Haladu * (C1903-10)
Dan Iya Zubairu
Madaki Salihu
Maina Sa’adu
A’ishatu -A yarda-dasu (F)
Yusufu
Hassan
Sarkin Shanu Liman
Ya-Dikko (F)
Goggo Ummah (F)
Dija Kubura (F)
Mama Fatima Binta (F)
Mama Karama (F)
Halimah (F)
5. The Offspring’s of Ibrahim (Irema) Dan Salihu*
Madaki Hamma
Hamida* (C1912)
Wasiku
Uwais
Muhammad Jibajo
Bello
Umar
Chiroma Murtala
Ya-Dikko –Ya’ (F)
Hafsatu (F)
Amina Tumbuka ta Galamawa (F)
Dadar Gwari (F)
Tura ta Fanisau (F)
Zinaru (F)
6. The Offspring’s of Abdulkadir I Dan Salihu *
Madaki Salihu
Bello * (C 1919-23)
Rufa’i
Makama Ibrahim Duka
Ahmadu Arguma
Jebu (F)
Iyar Makaranta (F)
Kilishi (F)
Inna (F)
Yayalle (F)
Hannatu (F)
7. The Offspring’s of Ibrahim Dan Musa*
Salihu II Dan Ibrahim* (C
Abdulkadir III (Damamusau) Dan Ibrahim*
8. The Offspring’s of Salihu II Dan Ibrahim*
Maryam Daso (F)
Hawwa Kulu (F)
Usman
9. The Offspring’s of Abdulkadir II Dan Musa (Maje Abalago)*
Wazir Halilu
Asma’u (F)
Mama (F)
Khadijah (F)
10. The Offspring’s of Abdulkadir III Dan Ibrahim *
Husaina (F)
Yalwaji (F)
11. The Offspring’s of Haladu Dan Suleman*
Chiroma Muhammadu (Sarkin Dawaki Mai Tuta-Kano)
Lamido
Musa Kalle
Adamu Dodo
Sarki Chiyal
Abdu Maibindiga
Garba Mushi
Ismaila
Usman
Abubakar Garba
Hawwa (Galadima Umaru) F
Abulle (F)
Amina (Galadiman Gaya) F
Binta (F)
A’ishatu Tabirni (F)
Tabirni Karama (F)
Gwaggondi
Fatima (Abba Dan Da’u) F
12. The Offspring’s of Halilu Dan Bello*
Dukkoru (F)
13. The Offspring’s of Hamida Dan Ibrahim *
Salihu
Mowa (F)
14. The Offspring’s of Abdullahi Dan Suleman*
NONE
15. The Offspring’s of Bello Dan Abdulkadir *
Malami Bulu (M)
Hawwa Kilishi (Garba Mushi) F
Gama (F)
Korama (F)
Amina (F)
Binta (F)
Yahanazu (F)
16. The Offspring’s of Suleman II Dan Nuhu *
Abdullahi Maikano * (1960-83)
Nuhu Dodo
Wambai Aminu
Isah
Maryam Babba (F)
Rakiya (F)
Tafada (F)
Maryam Karama (F)
Binta (F)
17. The Offspring’s of Abdullahi Maikano Dan Suleman II *
Chiroma Muhammadu Sanusi
Nuhu Abdullahi
Danburan Suleman
Ahmadu Tijjani
Dan Maje Abdulkadir
Ibrahim Uba
Abubakar
Umar Farouk
Shehu Usman
Aliyu
Musa
Halima I (F)
Fatima (F)
Halima II (F)
Maimunatu Buriji (F)
A’ishatu Balaraba (F)
Dije (F)
Zainabu (F)
Hawwa Maijidda (F)
18. The Offspring’s of Muhammadu Sanusi Dan Bello *
Galadima Muhammadu Basiru Sanusi
Nuhu Sanusi * (C1995-)
Chiroma Shehu Sanusi
Hasana (F)
Hafsatu- Gambo (F)
Muhammadu Sanusi
Maryam- Dandaso (F)
Amina (Ummah)
Hannatu (F)
Salamatu (F)
Yahanazu (F)
Asma’u (F)
Binta- Hajiyayye (F)
Nafisatu (F)
19. The Offspring’s of Nuhu Dan Muhammad Sanusi *
Muhammadu Hamim
Muhammadu Basiru
Muhammadu Sanusi
Muhammadu Bello
Hamimah (F)
Fatima Jamilah (F)
Safiyya Amatullah (F)
Rahama (F)
Amina (F)
Hadijah (F)
Maryam (F)
Rukaiyya (F)
Hawwa (F)
Dutse Hausa/Fulani Traditional Structure
Majlis
The Wazir [Prime Minister] Islamic Arabic
The Makama [War front commander]
The Sarkin Bai [Rear commander]
The Madaki [Cavalry commander]
The Sarkin Dawakin Tuta [Flag commander]
The Sarkin Malamai [Head of the Ulamah –Spiritual guidance]
Judicial and legal Council (SHURAH)
The Wali [Legal advisor] Islamic Arabic
The Alkalin Alkalai [Chief Judge]
A Khadi [versed in Sharia]
Administrative and advisory
The Sarkin Shanu [Animal Health]
The Magajin Rafi [Water Resources]
The Matawalle [Finance]
The Sa’i [Zakkat and Revenue Collection] Islamic- Arabic title
The Turaki [Banker] Hausa Habe from Turaka-Store
The San-Turaki (Deputy Banker)
The Barde- Kereriya [Industry and mining]
The Dan Masani [War Information]
The Jarmai [Head of Infantry] Hausa Habe from Jarumi Courageous
The Sarkin Fada [Palace Administration]
The Falaki [Astronomy] Islamic Arabic dealing with Stars
The Dokaji [Head of Police] Fuldfulde- Law and Order
The Sarkin Yara [Head of prisons]
The Ma'aji [Treasurer] Hausa Habe- keeper
The Barde [Brigade commander]
The Magajin Malam [Education] Hausa Habe Inheritor of Knowledge
The Dallatu [Security matters]
The Marafa [land and Agricultural Resources]
The Dan Maliki [Scribe]
The Dan Sarai [commerce]
The Dan Isa [Diplomacy]
The Dan Amar [Immigration]
The Tafida [Transportation]
Sarkin Dawakin Tsakar Gida [Domestic Affairs]
OTHER TITLES
The Galadima [Senior Prince]-Originally Kanuri title from Galadi
The Wambai- Originally Hausa Habe title Wan-Bai [next to the one behind]
The Chiroma- Originally a Kanuri title
The Dan Makwayo
The Dan Darman
The Dan Lawan
The Dan Buram
The Yarima- Originally borrowed from Kanuri title of prince
The Dan Kadai
The Dan Maje
The Dan Ruwata
All titles starting with [Dan] were originally Hausa Habe Titles meaning (Son-of).
Servants or Slave Titles
Shamaki- The (Principal Officer) or Controller of the royal household. He is the chief of staff with the responsibilities of supervising all deputies and their subordinates. There are some obvious overlapping of responsibilities between Shamaki’s subordinates and that of other deputies such as Dan Rimi, Sallama and others.
Makaman Shamaki – subordinate [civil matters]
Barden Shamaki – subordinate- [ceremonies]
Madakin Shamaki- subordinate- [infrastructure]
Galadiman Shamaki- subordinate –[administration]
Turakin Shamaki – subordinate- [stores]
Barwan Shamaki- subordinate – [slave affairs]
Jarman Shamaki – subordinate – [health matters]
Sarkin Ruwa- Water Control
Dan Rimi [In charge of women affairs] and his subordinates
Makaman Danrimi
Madakin Danrimi
Barden Danrimi
Chiroman Danrimi
Dan sarari
Sarkin Dogarai [Chief Bodyguard] and his subordinates
Galadiman Dogarai
Makaman Dogarai
Wamban Dogarai
Chiroman Dogarai
Barden Dogarai
Wazirin Dogarai
Sallama [In charge of Domestic affairs] and his subordinates.
Chiroman Sallama – Day to day purchases
Turakin Soro- environmental sanitation
Cika Soro- Store keeping
Madakin Sallama-
Kilishi [In charge of accommodation his subordinates.
Santali or Suntali- Water Carrier
Sarkin figinai- Fanner
Nama Daki- Cleaner
Sarkin Buzu (Shimfida) – Prayer Mat Carrier
Majasirdi [In charge of Horses and saddlers], his subordinates.
Sarkin Muri or Barga–Head of Stables
Mai Dawakai –Horse Groom
Sarkin Zage- Head of Spare Horses
Sarkin Surada – In charge of Saddles
Sarkin Hawa - equestrian
Madakin Hawa
Chiroman Hawa
Dan Muri – Groomer
Sarkin Zagi [In charge of transport logistics] and his subordinates.
Galadiman Zagi
Masun Zagi
Chiroman Zagi
Makaman Zagi
Madakin Zagi
Wazirin Zagi
Dan Isan Zagi
Sarkin Hatsi [In charge of Food Grains]
Sarkin Gona – In charge of Farms
Sarkin Rumbuna – In charge of granary
Sarkin Baki [In charge of guests] and his subordinates
Marhaba or Tarye
Mahuta or Rakiya
Zuba Hannu- Toilet facilities
Majekira or Jakada- Palace Errands
Mabudi- In charge of Children welfare and training
Maga Yaki [In charge of armory] and his subordinates.
Garkuwa -Shields
Sarkin lufuda -Heavy armory
Sarkin sulke -chain mail
Sarkin Baka -Bows and arrows
Maitafari-musketeers
Sarkin Takubba-swords
Gama Masu -Spears
Kasheka -Executioner
Sarkin Kagira [Crowd Control and public Safety] and his subordinates.
Galadiman Kagira
Chiroman Kagira
Barden Kagira
Madakin Kagira
Sarkin Laima [In charge of Royal umbrella] and his subordinates.
Madakin Laima
Chiroman Laima
Turakin Laima
Palace Musicians
Sarkin Busa- Horn blower
Sarkin Tambura- Kettle drummer
Sarkin Kakaki- Trumpeter
Sarkin Jauje- Talking Drummer
Sarkin Algaita- Flute
Sarkin Banga- wrapper
Sarkin Kuge- Gong Sarkin Magana -Satirist
Sarkin Kotso –Drummer
Sarkin Lalajo- Sistrumers
Sarkin Garaya- Lutanists
Hasken Fada or Sankira {public Crier}
Household Female Slave and Servant Titles
Uwar Soro [Head of household administration]
Mai Soron Baki [Guests welfare]
Uwar Waje [Environmental matters]
Mai kudandan [Stores]
Yar Daka [Cooks]
Jakadiya [Messenger or Errand Woman]
Zabiya [Entertainments]
Mai Soron Shikifa [Emirs welfare]
Matar fada [Women Welfare]
Korama [Purchasing officer]
Uwar Daki- Nanny
House Hold immediate family
Mai Babban Daki [Queen Mother]
Mairan [Princess]
Mai Dakin Sarki [Wife]
Kuyanga [Concubine
Adopted Male servants
Babanni [eunuchs]
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